A couple of weeks back an intelligent, well-intentioned fellow in the employ of the New York Times asked me to respond to a new study showing that, among other things, 62 percent of working-class white southerners supported Mitt Romney, a figure roughly 20 points higher than in any other region. "How could this be?" my earnest new editor friend begged to know. Why did lower-income whites persist in voting Republican in direct contradiction to their economic interests? This being only the gazillionth time I have fielded this query, my first impulse was to politely decline his invite, but true to my pledge to try to educate as many Yankees as I can in the short time I have left, I signed on, knowing from the start that I was to be accorded all of 400 words to unravel a mystery that could not be done justice in 400 pages. To his credit, the editor proved very patient and did his dead-level best to hack the piece down to size without destroying my argument entirely, but I hope you will be kind enough to indulge my effort to salvage the stuff that wound up on the cutting-room floor and reconstruct what I would have said if they had just given me the elbow room to say it. So here goes:
The
fundamental explanation for such strong support for Romney among
working-class white southerners is actually quite simple. An
overwhelming majority of them are Republicans--and highly partisan ones
at that. Beyond this point, however, things get a little more
complicated. The old blatantly racial Republican strategy that won Barry
Goldwater five southern states in 1964 has given way to a subtler, more
suburban-oriented emphasis on fiscal conservatism and protecting the
rewards of individual success. Yet George W. Bush ran stronger (60
percent-plus) in southern rural white-majority counties than in
metropolitan (55 percent) ones in 2004. Four years later, the counties
where John McCain ran stronger than Bush fit this profile as well. In
general, these counties were not only decidedly rural and
majority-white, but sparsely populated, economically and educationally
laggard, with a strong evangelical tilt.
When the current survey notes that 58 percent of working-class white
southerners feel that the federal government has been too attentive to
the problems of blacks and other minorities, it is simply affirming that
history matters. Beginning in the 1850s (when the slavocrats who
disdained the very notion of educating the lesser whites warned them
that without slavery they would be reduced to social and economic
equality with blacks) and moving forward to the Civil War,
Reconstruction, the New Deal, the Civil Rights movement, and the Great
Society, regardless of whether the federal government was in Republican
or Democratic hands, low-income white southerners have been encouraged
to see it as, if not primarily, at least potentially, an agent of Yankee
outsiders bent on elevating black people at their expense. (Many years
later, labor unions were tarred with essentially the same brush while
the South's captains of industry consistently flouted federal labor
regulations with absolute impunity.)
Wrong-headed and paranoid as this perception may be, there is little doubt that, as of the New Deal, the Democratic Party began to grow increasingly responsive not only to blacks but to union voters outside the South. Today, the Democrats' definition of "working people" effectively translates as "those with union cards," resulting in a striking communications disconnect between rural, overwhelmingly non-union, southern white workers (who have long since won the heart of many a southbound Yankee manufacturer) and the national Democratic Party with its fairly proscribed union-centric approach to labor issues. This in turn makes it easier for blue-collar southern whites to convince themselves (with the eager assistance of Republican politicos) that the primary aim of Democratic initiatives such as federal worker-training programs was/is to put black people in a position to take their jobs. While the above survey shows that working-class whites who had received food stamps or other benefits looked a bit more kindly on the idea of federal aid programs, the South's more stringent participation requirements, not to mention the racial stigma, are reflected in figures showing that white families account for 52 percent of the food stamp recipients in Massachusetts, where 11 percent of the poverty population is white, and only 25 percent of the recipients in Mississippi, where 15 percent of those living in poverty are white.
While they have precious little reason to think the GOP might actually help them, working-class white southerners know at least that the Republicans are infinitely less likely to do anything to help blacks at their expense, or anyone else's for that matter. Seizing on this line of thought, Republicans have been quite effective in racializing political identification in the South, to the point that the Democrats are perceived as simply the party of blacks in many cases, much as Republicans were seen in the Reconstruction era. Although some deft GOP gerrymandering had a hand in it as well, there is no better personification of the thorough color-coding of southern partisan affiliation than Representative John Barrow of Georgia, the only white Democrat in the Deep South still serving in the House of Representatives.
Anyone who thinks the Dems had no hand in their own undoing among rural southern whites need only look back at the absolutely horrified response of their liberal luminaries, when poor ol' Howard Dean allowed that he would welcome the support of "guys with Confederate flags in their pickups." The absolute wet-your-britches-and-say-you-went-swimming frenzy that ensued made it clear that from top to bottom, their party was way too enlightened to have any truck (pickup or otherwise) with a bunch of mouth-breathing southern yahoos. (It's too much to hope for, of course, but the Dems might profit from considering the connection between the GOP takeover by a bunch of ideological purists and the greater probability, these days, of encountering a Wooly Mammoth than a moderate Republican.)
Lest we go overboard in emphasizing the peculiarities of working-class white southerners, however, we should remember that racially tinged, working-class white conservatism is a fixture throughout much of rural America. Is it really all that striking, for example, that nearly six in ten working-class whites in the South complained of federal favoritism toward blacks when nearly five in ten responded similarly in the Northeast and Midwest? This reflects a mindset discernible thirty years ago among blue-collar northern whites who became "Reagan Democrats" in the 1980s. To tell you the truth, I'm beginning to suspect that a lot of what may seem like North/South disparities in political attitudes and behavior these days may actually be rural/metropolitan instead.
Anyone who thinks that an inclination to support what appears to be the party most inimical to their interests is peculiar to rural white southerners must not have heard tell of Google, which puts them but a single mouse-click away from a multitude of such instances across the rest of the country. Take, for one, the case of the frustrated Iowa Democrat lamenting the strong GOP vote in the 2010 congressional contests at a time marked by "$5.50 a bushel corn, $12 for beans, fuel a dollar a gallon cheaper than under the Bush administration and a majority of Republicans in Congress wanting to cut farm subsidies."
Rural whites' distaste for all things Democratic is a little less puzzling in light of this observation from the party's standard bearer in 2008: "You go into these small towns . . . and . . . the jobs have been gone now for twenty years and nothing's replaced them . . . And it's not surprising then they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren't like them. . . ." Ironically, by summarily pathologizing gun ownership and religiosity, Barack Obama actually managed to intensify the very aversion of rural white voters to the Democrats that he was trying to explain. By the way, he was talking about voters in Pennsylvania, not Alabama.
If you need further evidence that anti-ruralism isn't just directed at southerners anymore, get a load of what former FCC commissioner Michael Katz had to say in February 2009 as he spoke in opposition to the Obama administration's support for rural broadband infrastructure: "Other people don't like to say bad things about rural areas . . . [s]o I will. . . . The notion that we should be helping people who live in rural areas avoid the costs that they impose on society . . . is misguided . . . from an efficiency point of view and an equity one." Places out there beyond the 'burbs, Katz added, tend to be "environmentally hostile, energy inefficient and even weak in innovation, simply because rural people are spread out across the landscape."
Well, excuse us country folk for even existin'! Emotionalism aside, however, one need not absolve rural white folks of this or any other vicinity of responsibility for the racism, religious intolerance and xenophobia that they sometimes exhibit to realize that they are also on occasion the objects of bias themselves, however offhandedly it is expressed or condoned by some of America's ostensibly most tolerant and sensitive people. In either case, beneath this polarizing hostility and disdain lies a much broader divide that is framed less by region than by deep cultural and class antagonisms that we may continue to ignore only at our peril.
